This also makes it much more likely that you’ll be interested in the order of a point, so a procedure modgetorder is included to calculate this by brute force- that is, repeated addition until the zero element is reached.

This makes questions of the type I faced in MA40188: Algebraic Curves much easier. For instance, consider the curve

Over the field with 37 elements, and with a suitable dehomogenisation, the point P: (x,y)=(0,23) is easily verified as an element of E. Then we may easily determine the point Q=-2P, the third intersection of E with the tangent to E at P:

>read "gla.mpl";

> a_1:=0;a_2:=0;a_4:=-9;a_3:=0;a_6:=11;

>workModM:=true;

>

>M:=37;

>Q:=ncopies(-2,0,23);

1,22

So Q=(1,22). Further, Q is an inflexion point: that is, the tangent to E at Q meets E three times at Q. In terms of the group law, this means -2Q=Q, or equivalently 3Q=0. We can verify this in a couple of ways:

> ncopies(3,Q);

zero

> modgetorder(Q);

3

Since Q=-2P and 3Q=0, it should follow that 6P=0. Which, fortunately, it does:

> modgetorder(0,23);

6

Discussion of (affine) Varieties, ideals and examples of how they relate. Statement and proof of the Nullstellensatz.

Nilpotency in a variety of contexts- modular mathematics, ring theory, operators (with a structure theorem), and matrices.